Pediatric brain tumors are abnormal cell growths occurring in the brain or its surrounding tissues in children. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their treatment requires a specialized approach due to the developing nature of the pediatric brain.
Common Types of Pediatric Brain Tumors:
Medulloblastomas: These are the most prevalent malignant brain tumors in children, originating in the cerebellum and often spreading to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Gliomas: Arising from glial cells, gliomas can vary in malignancy and may occur in various brain regions.
Ependymomas: Developing from ependymal cells lining the ventricles, these tumors can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid flow, leading to increased intracranial pressure.
Craniopharyngiomas: Benign tumors near the pituitary gland that can affect hormone production and vision due to their location.
Role of Radiation Therapy:
Radiation therapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors, often used in conjunction with surgery and chemotherapy. The primary goal is to eradicate tumor cells while minimizing damage to healthy brain tissue.
Advanced Radiation Techniques:
To achieve precise targeting and reduce side effects, several advanced radiation therapy techniques are employed:
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): This method delivers high-energy beams from outside the body, focusing on the tumor site.
Brachytherapy: Involves placing radioactive material directly within or adjacent to the tumor, providing high-dose radiation to the tumor while sparing surrounding healthy tissue.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): An advanced form of EBRT that modulates the radiation dose, conforming to the tumor's shape, thereby minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.
Proton Beam Therapy: Utilizes protons instead of X-rays, allowing for more precise dose distribution and reduced radiation exposure to healthy tissues, which is particularly beneficial in pediatric cases.
Considerations in Pediatric Radiation Therapy:
Treating children with radiation requires meticulous planning to balance treatment efficacy with the minimization of long-term side effects:
Neurocognitive Effects: Radiation can impact developing brain structures, potentially affecting cognitive functions. Advanced techniques aim to limit exposure to critical areas involved in learning and memory.
Endocrine Function: Tumors near the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, or radiation affecting these areas, can disrupt hormone production, necessitating ongoing endocrine evaluation.
Growth and Development: Radiation can affect bone growth, particularly in younger children, making careful dosing and targeting essential.